Purpose And Hypothesis Of The Study - 1292 Words

Purpose and Hypothesis of the study The purpose of this article by Samuelsson, (2010) is to examine the effects of two differently structured methods, traditional and problem-solving, of teaching children mathematical the first five years in school. Trying to determine the difference between boys and girl depending on the type of teaching method they received. Predicting those students in the non-textbook problem-solving group would show strength in all areas of mathematical proficiency except the procedural area. That is, they would perform significantly higher than the traditional group. The research questions were: Which teaching approach, traditional or problem solving is most effective for developing students’ mathematical proficiency? Do girls have the advantage over boys in a traditional teaching context? Do boys have the advantage over girls in problem-solving context? Girls were expected to have the advantages over boys in the traditional group, and that boys would have the advantages over girls in t he problem-solving group. Students’ progress in conceptual understanding, strategic competence and adaptive reasoning a significant increase when teachers teach with a problem-based curriculum. Sample Participants included a total of 105 students in four different classes in this study. Attending two different schools 46 placed in school A while 59 were placed in school B in the same neighborhood. Schools recruited students from a part of Sweden with lowShow MoreRelatedPurpose And Hypothesis Of The Study934 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose and Hypothesis of the Study The purpose for the study by Suitor, Gilligan, Johnson, and Pillemer (2014) was to see if there would sibling tension between, brothers, sisters, and or both, when their mother was in need of care due to age or sickness. 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Free Falling- by Scott Weckerly - 1014 Words

The impact of saying good-bye and actually leaving did not hit me until the day of my departure. Its strength woke me an hour before my alarm clock would, as for the last time Missy, my golden retriever, greeted me with a big, sloppy lick. I hated it when she did that, but that day I welcomed her with open arms. I petted her with long, slow strokes, and her sad eyes gazed into mine. Her coat felt more silky than usual. Of course, I did not notice any of these qualities until that day, which made me all the more sad about leaving her. The entire day was like that: a powerful awakening of whom and what I would truly miss. I became sentimental about saying good-bye to many people I had taken for granted—the regulars who came into the†¦show more content†¦Don t worry about me too much, Mom. I ll miss you. She drew me close and gave me a hug, and I assured her I d be back sooner than she d realize. She then told me that she loved me. I . . . love you, too. The difficulty of saying those words overwhelmed me. I had always seen myself as someone with solid, untouchable emotions. At that moment, though, I was in a fragile, quivering state; and I could not believe I had conjured such a false image of myself. We drew apart, and I slowly climbed into my gray Maxima. She did not cry, but who knows what happened when I turned the corner. I don t think I want to know. At that time, I felt like a rookie sky diver preparing for his first plunge. The cabin door opens to reveal the extreme distance of his fall, which leads to either sheer excitement or eventual death. The naivete that sheltered his fear disappears at the sudden reality of the moment. By then, of course, it is much too late to turn back. The very thought that this was his idea seems absurd to him, and he feels like the only person on the face of the planet. And so he closes his eyes, takes a deep breath, and

Negligent Actions Case Study of Keith †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Negligent Actions Case Study of Keith. Answer: Law and its application As the world developed and so is the technology and laws. One of suchlaw is thelaw of tort which has been designed to protect an injured and compensate him for the misdeeds of the wrongdoer. Law of negligence is one of the most important wings of thelaw of tort. This law states that a person who is indulging in any act must take due care so that his act might not injure or does cause any kind of damage to any other person. If a person who is acting has an apprehension that his act might cause loss to any other person and he still prefers to pursue with such act, then, in such situation the person who suffers loss because of the acts done by one wrongdoer has every right to get damages under law. A person who carries out the acts carelessly and causes injury to the injured is known as wrongdoer and the person who suffers the loss is called the injured party. (Francis, Peter, Mark, 2007) As per law of negligence, a wrongdoer is liable once it is proved that there is duty of care casted upon him and he without complying with its requirements indulge into acts which results in the breach of duty of care and because of such breach, an injury is caused to the injured person. If the injury is caused to the person due to the acts of the wrongdoer then the injured person can very well recover damages from the wrongdoer for the loss that is caused or for the injury that is suffered by him. (Beever, 2007) Law of negligence had thus been designed to protect the injured person against the loss and injury caused due to careless acts of the wrongdoer. The three ingredients that are necessary to establish negligence are: Duty Of Care Duty of care is the prime and the foremost ingredient to hold the wrongdoer liable under the law of negligence. The duty of care means, the duty fixed upon the wrongdoer so as not to act in such a way so that any kind of injury is caused to the injured person and is held in (Natcraft Pty Ltd Anor v Det Norske Veritas Anor , 2002). No act or omission of the wrongdoer should be such so as it can injure the third person. A wrongdoer must watch his actions and must carry his acts with abundant caution and in case he believes that his acts can cause loss or injury to any third party then he should take proper protection while performing such acts or should avoid those acts. As per law of negligence the wrongdoer is bounded by a legal duty to act in a proper manner and in case he does not obeys the duty as per the law of negligence then he is liable under law of negligence. (Jrgen Wolfgang, 2006) A wrongdoer is said to have duty of care with him when few principals are satisfied. When the principle of Neighborhood and the principle of reasonable forseeability are not satisfied, then, in that case the duty of care cannot be said to be in existence upon the wrongdoer and he cannot be held liable as per the law of negligence. Neighborhood principal A neighbor in law of negligence does not imply a neighbor as per its dictionary meaning, but, it is much wider under the law of negligence. A neighbor is a person who can be affected by the acts of the wrongdoer. He is a person who is in close proximity to the wrongdoer and the acts of the wrongdoer will affect him. The law of negligence was developed by the landmark case law of (Donoghue v Stevenson , 1932) which lead to evolution of the neighborhood principal. The lord Atkin in the landmark case has stated that a person who is in closeness to the wrongdoer and is likely to get injured by the act of the wrongdoer is neighbor of the wrongdoer be it stranger or anybody. A reasonably foreseeable person can easily assess that the acts of a wrongdoer are dangerous for certain person, then, that person is termed as a neighbor as per law of negligence. A neighbor is affected by the acts of the wrongdoer so it is the duty of the wrongdoer to carry out his acts properly without any injury to the neighbor and in case the person who is falling under the definition of neighbor as per law of negligence is injured by the acts of the wrongdoer, then such neighbor can claim compensation as per law of negligence and is held in (Albrighton v Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 1980). (Cameron, Ian, Malcolm, 2007) Reasonable Forseeability The wrongdoer is only liable in case of injury to the neighbor if the act which was the cause of injury to the neighbor was reasonably foreseeable by a prudent person. If the act which is the cause of injury to the third person is not reasonably foreseeable then the wrongdoer cannot be held liable under the law of negligence and is rightly held in (Rogers v Whitaker, 1992). If the impact of the acts or omission by the wrongdoer is unpredictable by a common prudent person then wrongdoer is protected against the damage that is caused and is said to be too remote. (Cameron, Ian, Malcolm, 2007) Breach of Duty Of Care When the duty of care is said to be with wrongdoer, then, the first step to prove the negligence on his part is comply with but in order to be held the wrongdoer negligent it is also necessary that he should had breached the duty of care which is casted upon him. The care which the wrongdoer should take is different in different situations. The care taken by the wrongdoer must be adequate i.e. he must take appropriate care that should have been taken by an ordinary prudent person. The care varies with situation as a level of care at one instance may be adequate but the same level of care in other situation may not be adequate. The level of care should be high in situations where the magnitude of damage due to the act of the wrongdoer, that may sustain is high and is rightly held in (Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee, 1957). (Kim, Bonnie, Sheryl, 2014) Damage when the first two steps i.e. duty of care with the wrongdoer and its breached are satisfied, still the wrongdoer is not liable if the damage is not sustained by the third party as the resultant damage due to the breach of duty of care by a wrongdoer is necessary for holding a person negligent under law of negligence and is held in (Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd or "Wagon Mound (No. 1), 1961). Causation There must be causation between the act and the injury caused to the injured. There must be causation and the same must be satisfied in order to hold the wrongdoer negligent i.e. the damage must be due to the breach of duty of care by the wrongdoer. There must be a direct link between the damage caused to the injured and the negligent act of the wrongdoer. In case the cause of injury of the injured is not the act of the wrongdoer then the wrongdoer cannot be held liable as the act of the wrongdoer and the injury caused to the injured must correspond with each other and is held in (Mount Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey , 1971). (Andy Douglas, 2013) Remoteness The damage caused due to the acts of the wrongdoer must not be too remote as it must be reasonably foreseeable. In case the damage caused is too remote then the wrongdoer cannot be held liable under the law of negligence. In case the damage or the injury caused is predictable and foreseeable by an ordinary prudent person in like situation then only the wrongdoer is liable otherwise not. (Andy Douglas, 2013) In case any of the ingredient i.e. the duty of care, its breach and resultant damage is absent then the wrongdoer cannot be held liable under the law of negligence. All the three principal ingredients of the law of negligence must be satisfied in order to hold wrongdoer negligence. Defense A Safeguard From Being Negligent Contributory negligence There are defenses that can be taken by the wrongdoer in order to safeguard himself from being held negligent and one of those is Contributory Negligence In case if the injury that is caused to the injured, there is his own fault, then, in such case the damage to be paid by the wrongdoer to the injured decreases proportionately as he himself contributed to his injury by being contributory negligent. In such cases the damage amount is apportioned proportionately among the wrongdoer and the injured accordingly. But in order to get the benefit of concept of contributory negligence the wrongdoer must prove the negligence on the part of the injured and if he is able to prove the same on part of injured then also the contribution made to the injury of the injured by himself is assessed and the damages to be paid by the wrongdoer are decided accordingly and is held in (Joslyn v Berryman, 2003). (Douglas, 2016) Now, the law is applied. Keith is a carpenter who was appointed with the duty to fix the collapsed staircase of Ruth. Keith has a duty to construct the stairs in such manner so that no injury is caused to Ruth because of non performance of his careful actions. The duty of care obligation is imposed upon Keith because the acts of Keith will directly affect the interest of Ruth, because if the stairs are not fixed properly the Ruth may face injuries and thus Ruth and Keith becomes neighbors of each other. Also, the impact that may be faced by Ruth if the stairs are not fixed by Keith adequately is also reasonably predictable by Keith. Thus, there is presence of reasonable foreseeability also. So, Keith has duty of acre upon him. But, thus duty of care is not performed by Keith as per the required standards because he used a left over piece of wood instead of a proper hardwood and because of such use the stairs collapsed. So, the duty if not performed by Keith appropriately resulting in breach of duty of care. Because of the breach, Ruth suffered injuries, that is, she dislocated her knee. She suffered injuries when the stairs collapse and because of which she fell from the same. Thus, the duty is violated by Keith who has caused damage to Ruth, so, Keith is negligent in his actions. But, Keith can prove that when the injury is sustained by Ruth at that time she was not able to view the stairs properly as she was carrying dishes which place hindrance in her visions. It is her own negligence which has also contributed to her loss. So, Keith can prove contributory negligence on the part of Ruth and thus can reduce his part of damages which is equivalent to Ruths own contribution. But, Keith is not accountable for the loss that is caused to Ruth when she resigned to choose her alternative employment as such loss is not because of Keith negligence. Keith will only pay for her two months loss of income and medical expenses. Conclusion Keith is held to be negligent in his actions as he did not cater his duty of care which resulted in loss to Ruth. But, Keith can take the defense of contributory negligence on the part of Ruth and thus reduce his liability. Bibliography Albrighton v Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (1980). Andy, G., Douglas, F. (2013). Business Law 2014. Pearson Higher Education AU. Beever, A. (2007). Rediscovering the Law of Negligence. Bloomsbury Publishing. Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957). Cameron, S., Ian, K., Malcolm, P. (2007). The Australian Medico-legal Handbook. Elsevier Australia. Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Douglas, H. (2016). The Law of Intervening Causation. Routledge. Francis, T., Peter, C., Mark, L. (2007). The Law of Torts in Australia. Oxford University Press. Joslyn v Berryman (2003). Jrgen, B., Wolfgang, W. (2006). Third-Party Liability of Classification Societies: A Comparative Perspective. Springer Science Business Media. Kim, A., Bonnie, B., Sheryl, L. (2014). Ethics and Law for Australian Nurses. Cambridge University Press. Mount Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey (1971). Natcraft Pty Ltd Anor v Det Norske Veritas Anor (2002). Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd or "Wagon Mound (No. 1) (1961). Rogers v Whitaker (1992).

The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion Essay Example

The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion Paper The purpose of the present study was to determine the affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion. In addition the study examined the affect of presence or absence of converging lines background on judgments of lines length. The study sought to test Ponzos (1882-1960) hypothesis, referring to it as a misjudgment in a length of two lines. This experiment was tested among three students under two conditions, participants under stress and under no stress, each condition had three attempts and each attempt had ten trials. In stress condition, participants accomplished the following experiment after they came back from college. Participants adjusted the length of a line to match the length of another line in same page. Five trials were with the presence of converging lines background and the other five were with absence of converging lines. In the no stress condition, participants accomplished the experiment between 0700 0800 Oclock in the morning after breakfast. The study aim was to explore the correlation between stress conditions and the Ponzo illusion. The error range of length judgment in stress condition found to be higher than the no stress condition. Also the error was higher when converging lines were present. It was concluded that stress and present of converging lines have inverse affect of judgment of lines length. Introduction The Ponzo Illusion is a visual illusion that produces misjudgment in the length of two lines; most people dont get the length right when asked to set two lines to the same length because of Ponzo illusion. The illusion is named after Mario Ponzo (1882-1960) who first demonstrated it in 1913 (Vurdlak, 2008). The reason of such illusion happens when looking at lines in different length with converging lines background and how the brain analyze them; for example, if there were two boxes and they were the same size, one of them was 5 cm in front of you, the other is 5 meters in front of you, you will see that the nearby box is bigger than the far one. The same thing happens with lines in a paper where the brain thinks that one line is fare but the other is near you, so the line that is far should look smaller, but if they are the same size your brain will think the far line is bigger (Brislin, 1974). This illusion can also be observed in the moon, when the moon is on top of you it seems smaller than when it is close to the horizon, the truth is that the moon didnt change in size but the brain thinks that it should look smaller when it is far so if it does not it must have grown in size. We will write a custom essay sample on The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There has been a lot of research in this field. Researchers suggested that there are two forms of Ponzo Illusions; circular ponzo Illusions and the Line Ponzo illusions (Robinson, 1972). Most studies to date have explored the line Ponzo illusion, although, studying the relationship between the line and circular forms of the illusion may offer additional signs to identify the possible determinants of the illusion (Yamagami, 2007). Different theories have been suggested to explain the Ponzo Illusion. Many studies have produced data supporting either theory. For example integration field theory (IFT), suggested by Pressey and Smith Martin (1990), is based on assumption that some parts of the stimulus are more likely to be processed than others. In accordance with this, the most relevant features to be processed are the ones confined within the four end points of the two segments to be compared (Roncato et al., 1997). Although most of the previous researches in this field are very well constructed, they are lacking the brain stability and hormones in the form of stress. This research is very important because it will explore the affect of life stress on the Ponzo Illusion. Stress in this research refers to lack of concentration and focus because of exhaustion and brain loads of life activities. The dependant variable is the difference in length between the adjustable line and the standard line. The independent variable is the status of the participants vision. There are number of confounding variables that have be considered in this research like, age difference between participants, eating habits, personal life, and area where participants are living in. All these variables will affect the stress and concentration in some forms. The aim of this study is to find if there is correlation between mental stress and Ponzo Illusion. The hypothesis of this study is that the mental stress will have a negative impact on concentration and therefore judgments of sizes will be affected. Also the presence of converging lines background complicates the issue and makes it even harder to judge the lines length. It was expected that when brain is stressed that the adjusted lines will be longer. It was also expected that when brain is stressed and converging lines are present, the adjusted lines will be even longer. Method Participants Three first year introductory psychology male students at PMU participated in the experiment as a course requirement. All participants had normal or corrected to normal vision. Materials Internet web site (http://psychexps.olemiss.edu/index.html) contains illusion experiment as follow. There are two parts of the experiment. First, two lines with different sizes are laid on converging track like (figure 1). Second, two lines are laid without the converging lines (figure 2). The participants are able to adjust the length of the lower lines by using the blue control arrow below the two lines that allows participants to adjust the size of the lower line to match the size of the upper line. There were 10 trials in this experiment, five trials with present of the converging lines and the other five without. Procedures All participants followed standardized instructions for each of the following conditions. Before the participants start the experiment they had to do one practice test, in that test each one of the participants had to move a blue arrow to adjust the length of a black line, if the arrow was moved to the right the line gets longer, if moved to the left the line gets shorter. Then they were asked to do the experiment three times in two different conditions. All participants had practice go before the real experiment start. The first condition is that the experiment must be done without stress (early morning). All participants must log on into the web before going to college and follow the experiment steps. All ten trials have to be completed without taking any break in between. After the first attempt wait for ten minutes and relax. Accomplish a second attempt using the same procedures in the first attempt. Participants must wait for ten minutes and relax before the third attempt by using the same procedures. The second condition must be done under stress (after a stressed day in college). In this condition participants must accomplish the experiment under a form of stress. Three attempts must be accomplished by each participant right after coming back from long stressed day in college. Accomplish the first attempt continuously without any breaks between trials. After the first attempt take a ten minutes break and then accomplish the second attempt. Take a ten minutes break and then accomplish the last attempt. The results of this experiment support the hypothesiss that with the brain stressed, the error magnitude is much higher as shown in (Table 1). Participant error in the first trial was very high p1=60 and as participant relaxed the error dropped to a lower level P1=29.20. In reference to (Table 2) the first trial for the first participant error was very low from the start P1=14 and the error continued to drop. Generally all participants showed very high error at start; however, the error rate deceased as the brain was relaxing. The result of the first and third participants showed a considerable amount of drop followed by a slight increase. This minor offset could be a momentarily loss of concentration or distraction. The results of the experiment when participants are not under stress are a lot better. It showed much lower error values for all participants. In reference to (Table 2), the error values continued to decrease for first and third participants. The second participant was slightly different because of possible noise in the house. There was a big increase in the error value in the second trial, however, a vast drop in the third trial. This is caused by the different in age between participants. Participant number one is approximately twenty years older than the other participants. The overall result summary showed higher error margin when lines are placed on converging lines. It also showed that the mean is also very high when the converging lines are present (mean = 23.086) and the standard deviation was (StDev = 16.308). When converging lines were absent, the data were much lower (mean = 7.267) and the standard deviation was (StDev = 5.955) as shown in (figure 3) Figure 3 Discussion The results support the hypothesis that stress affects judgment of line lengths and caused the adjusted lines to be longer. Also the present of converging lines affects judgment of lines length and caused the lines to be longer. This finding is consistent with Piagets theory (1969; cited in Wagner, 1977) that proposes the law of relative centrations. Centration is the trend to focus on one side of a situation and overlook others. The second hypothesis that length of horizontal lines judgment was affected when the converging lines background was present. This finding was consistent with Yamagamis theory (1976, 1978; cited in Yamagami, 2007) that the former distortion is attributed to the framing distortion specified as a contour interaction between a horizontal line and two vertical lines as shown in (table 3). The absence of converging lines caused the error to be lesser as shown in (table 4) One problem with the present experiment was the sample size was very small. In future studies, a larger sample size from different age group and different sex could be used to ensure that age is directly related to the misjudgment of lines length and also to explore the Ponzo illusion affect on female. In interpreting the present results it could be argued stress affects lines length judgment especially when converging background is present. Age is also a factor to the increasing of judgment error, with age increase the rate increases, however, the rate of change is not yet defined. Participant one has higher error rate, this is possibly because of age of the participant. Participants two and three are same age, however, participant two lives in a noisier area and this possibly one of the reasons of concentration loss and caused a higher error rate than participant three. The present study examined the effect of stress on Ponzo illusion on male students. Future study needs to examine other forms of stress and its effects on Ponzo illusion on female students.future research also needs to use larger sample and larger age scale in order to find the error rate compare to age. It would be of value in applied situations to control the confounding variables like food, exercise, and living environment to obtain accurate results.

Cómo puede un extranjero divorciarse en Estados Unidos

Cà ³mo puede un extranjero divorciarse en Estados Unidos  ¿Pueden  divorciarse todos los extranjeros que residen en los Estados Unidos con independencia de su estatus migratorio y sin que importe el paà ­s en el que se casaron? Para evitar problemas es conveniente conocer los puntos bsicos que se explican a continuacià ³n, asà ­ como cules son los problemas migratorios que pueden surgir por un divorcio y, por à ºltimo, quà © debe hacerse para que un divorcio en Estados Unidos tenga efectos legales en el paà ­s de origen. En el caso de desconocer dà ³nde se encuentra la persona de la que se quiere divorcia, es posible buscarlo en varias bases de datos oficiales de Estados Unidos. La importancia del estado a la hora de divorciarse en Estados Unidos En Estados Unidos, los asuntos de matrimonio y divorcio son competencia de los estados. Esto significa que las reglas pueden variar de uno a otro. Sin embargo, en todos los estados van a pedir que se cumplan al menos dos requisitos.   En primer lugar, que se pruebe la identidad de la persona que solicita el divorcio. Cada estado tiene un listado con todos los documentos que se admiten, como  la licencia de manejar, la tarjeta de residencia permanente, el pasaporte o la matrà ­cula consular. En segundo lugar, excepto en los casos de Alaska y Washington, se pide que la persona que se quiere divorciar pueda probar que reside en el estado en el que solicita el divorcio. En este punto las reglas varà ­an enormemente. Por ejemplo, en Dakota del Sur es suficiente probar que se vive en ese estado en el momento de iniciar los trmites. Pero ese es un caso excepcional, ya que la mayorà ­a de los estados piden probar residencia por 90 dà ­as, 180 dà ­as o, incluso, un aà ±o. Entre los estados que exigen residencia por ms de 352 dà ­as se encuentran Connecticut, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Nuevo Hampshire, Nueva Jersey, Nueva York, Rhode Island y Virginia Occidental. Algunos estados, adems, piden un mà ­nimo de tiempo de residencia en el condado en el que se presentan los papeles. Por ejemplo, en California se exigen 180 dà ­as de residencia en el estado, de los cuales 90 tienen que ser en el condado en el que se solicita el fin del matrimonio. El estado en el que una persona se divorcia es importante por varias razones. En primer lugar, porque cada estado regula las causas por las que es posible solicitarlo. En Estados Unidos dos de cada tres estados permiten lo que se conoce como no-fault divorce,  es decir, querer divorciarse es razà ³n suficiente para solicitarlo y obtenerlo. En los otros estados hay que cumplir con alguno de los requisitos que se refieren al incumplimiento del acuerdo matrimonial por alguno de los dos cà ³nyuges. En segundo lugar, los estados pueden exigir que se notifique a la otra parte el inicio del procedimiento de divorcio en lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como service of process. Se pueden admitir diferentes formas para realizar la notificacià ³n, pero en el caso de personas con un cà ³nyuge fuera de los Estados Unidos este requisito puede ser, en ocasiones, difà ­cil de cumplir, pero no por ello puede ignorarse. Y, en tercer lugar, las leyes del estado en el que se dicta el divorcio van a decidir sobre aspectos como divisià ³n de las propiedades, si las hay, custodias de hijos, y pensiones de alimentos o de sostenimiento (conocidas en inglà ©s como child support y alimony, respectivamente). Efectos migratorios del divorcio Cualquier persona que reside habitualmente en Estados Unidos puede divorciarse, cumpliendo con los requisitos del estado en el que solicita el divorcio. El procedimiento tiene lugar en la corte civil y depende del estado. Esos datos no se comunican con inmigracià ³n. Sin embargo, un divorcio sà ­Ã‚  puede tener consecuencias migratorias en tres casos: 1. En primer lugar, las personas que obtuvieron una tarjeta de residencia por matrimonio y se divorcian podrà ­an perderla, dependiendo del momento y de las circunstancias de la finalizacià ³n del và ­nculo matrimonial. Aunque la situacià ³n es ms delicada para las personas que desean divorciarse antes de levantar la condicionalidad de su green card, lo cierto es que los efectos pueden darse incluso cuando ya se tiene la tarjeta de residencia definitiva. El  problema aparece cuando se solicita la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n y ya consta el estado civil como divorciado. 2. En el caso de divorcio en el que la pareja tiene hijos en comà ºn, puede establecer una pensià ³n de mantenimiento para los menores. En el caso de incumplirse el pago de la pensià ³n de alimentos puede haber consecuencias civiles, penales y tambià ©n migratorias que pueden ir desde multas, penas de prisià ³n y anulacià ³n del pasaporte, hasta negacià ³n de beneficios migratorios como la tarjeta de residencia o la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n. 3. En tercer lugar y con aplicacià ³n para todas las personas extranjeras en Estados Unidos, los casos de bigamia son causa de deportacià ³n y de denegacià ³n de la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n. La bigamia se produce cuando una persona est casada con otras dos al mismo tiempo. Por esta razà ³n conviene pensar bien el casarse en Estados Unidos sin antes divorciarse pensando que las autoridades estadounidenses nunca se van a enterar si hubo o no matrimonio previo en otro paà ­s. En estos casos, muchas veces se enteran por denuncias anà ³nimas que crean problemas migratorios que son difà ­ciles o imposible de resolver, y no es posible pedir un waiver. Adems, hay el agravante de que si hay una condena por bigamia se anulan todos los beneficios migratorios obtenidos a partir del momento en que se produjo la bigamia. Quà © hacer para que el divorcio en EEUU tenga efectos legales en el paà ­s de origen Las personas extranjeras pueden divorciarse en Estados Unidos, sin embargo, eso no quiere decir que ese divorcio es vlido en sus paà ­ses de origen o que produzca efectos legales automticamente. De hecho, existen dos formas completamente diferentes sobre cà ³mo otros  paà ­ses pueden contemplar un divorcio de uno de sus nacionales obtenidos en Estados Unidos. En primer lugar, se encuentran aquellos paà ­ses que no le reconocen ningà ºn valor legal y exigen que sus connacionales se divorcien en el paà ­s de origen, en persona o a travà ©s de un representante legal. Es, por ejemplo, el caso de Mà ©xico Asà ­, si un mexicano se casa en Mà ©xico pero vive  habitualmente en Estados Unidos, debe divorciase en su paà ­s. Si no quiere o no puede viajar a Mà ©xico, puede firmar un poder notarial a favor de un abogado o de una persona de confianza para que le represente en Mà ©xico durante los trmites de divorcio. Para realizar esos trmites puede cerrarse una cita con Mexitel. Tambià ©n existe un grupo de paà ­ses que sà ­ reconocen el valor legal de un divorcio obtenido por sus nacionales en Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, para que produzca efectos legales se exige que se lleve a cabo un trmite adicional para registrar dicho divorcio. Como ejemplo puede citarse el caso de los colombianos, ya que en Colombia se reconoce la validez de un divorcio dictado en Estados Unidos, imponià ©ndose solo la obligacià ³n de realizar lo que se conoce como exequtor ante la Sala Civil de la Corte Suprema. Solo se puede solicitar cuando la sentencia es final y ya no caben apelaciones o peticiones de nulidad. Adems, el requisito del exequtor tambià ©n rige para otros paà ­ses, por ejemplo, Perà º. Otros paà ­ses que tambià ©n optan por reconocer la validez del divorcio que sus connacionales obtienen en Estados Unidos piden diferentes trmites. Por ejemplo, Argentina da la opcià ³n de registrar y dar publicidad al divorcio dictado en Estados Unidos mediante su inscripcià ³n en el Registro Nacional de Estado y Capacidad mediante un procedimiento judicial o uno consular. Debido a que las reglas cambian segà ºn el paà ­s, lo recomendable es que cada migrante consulte con su embajada para determinar cules son los pasos a seguir y antes de proceder a obtener la apostilla de la Haya en el documento de divorcio, informarse sobre si ese trmite es necesario, ya que no es barato. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

1979 Seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca

1979 Seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca The seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979 is a seminal event in the evolution of Islamist terrorism. Yet the seizure is mostly a footnote in contemporary history. It shouldnt be. The Grand Mosque in Mecca is a massive, 7-acre compound that can accommodate some 1 million worshippers at any one time, especially during the annual hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca centered on circling the sacred Kaaba in the heart of the Grand Mosque. The marble mosque in its current shape is the result of a 20-year, $18 billion renovation project began in 1953 by the House of Saud, the ruling monarchy in Saudi Arabia, which considers itself the guardian and custodian of the Arab Peninsula’s holiest sites, the Grand Mosque topmost among them. The monarchy’s contractor of choice was the Saudi Bin Laden Group, led by the man who in 1957, became the father of Osama bin Laden. The Grand Mosque, however, first came to wide Western attention on November 20, 1979. Coffins as Weapons Cache: Seizure of the Grand Mosque At 5 that morning, the final day of the hajj, Sheikh Mohammed al-Subayil, imam of the Grand Mosque, was preparing to address 50,000 worshipers through a microphone inside the mosque. Among the worshipers, what looked like mourners bearing coffins on their shoulders and wearing headbands made their way through the crowd. It wasnt an unusual sight. Mourners often brought their dead for a blessing at the mosque. But they had no mourning in mind. Sheikh Mohammed al-Subayil was shoved aside by men who took machine guns from beneath their robes, fired them in the air and at a few policemen nearby, and yelled to the crowd that â€Å"The Mahdi has appeared!† Mahdi is the Arabic word for messiah. The mourners set their coffins down, opened them up, and produced an arsenal of weaponry that they then brandished and fired at the crowd. That was only part of their arsenal. An Attempted Overthrow by a Would-Be Messiah The attack was led by Juhayman al-Oteibi, a fundamentalist preacher and former member of the Saudi National Guard, and Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani, who claimed to be the Mahdi. The two men openly called for a revolt against the Saudi monarchy, accusing it of having betrayed Islamic principles and sold out to western countries. The militants, who numbered close to 500, were well armed, their weapons, in addition to their coffin arsenal, having been stashed gradually in the days and weeks before the assault in small chambers beneath the Mosque. They were prepared to lay siege to the mosque for a long time. The siege lasted two weeks, though it did not end before a bloodbath in underground chambers where militants had retreated with hundreds of hostagesand bloody repercussions in Pakistan and Iran. In Pakistan, a mob of Islamist students enraged by a false report that the United States was behind the mosque seizure, attacked the American embassy in Islamabad and killed two Americans. Irans Ayatollah Khomeini called the attack and the murders a great joy, and also blamed the seizure on the United States and Israel. In Mecca, Saudi authorities considered attacking the hold-outs without regard for the hostages. Instead, Prince Turki, the youngest son of King Faisal and the man in charge of reclaiming the Grand Mosque, summoned a French secret service officer, Count Claude Alexandre de Marenches, who recommended that the hold-outs be gassed unconscious. Indiscriminate Killing As Lawrence Wright describes it in The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, A team of three French commandos from the Groupe d’Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) arrived in Mecca. Because of the prohibition against non-Muslims entering the holy city, they converted to Islam in a brief, formal ceremony. The commandos pumped gas into the underground chambers, but perhaps because the rooms were so bafflingly interconnected, the gas failed and the resistance continued.With casualties climbing, Saudi forces drilled holes into the courtyard and dropped grenades into the rooms below, indiscriminately killing many hostages but driving the remaining rebels into more open areas where they could be picked off by sharpshooters. More than two weeks after the assault began, the surviving rebels finally surrendered. At dawn on Jan. 9, 1980, in the public squares of eight Saudi cities, including Mecca, 63 Grand Mosque militants were beheaded by sword on orders of the king. Among the condemned, 41 are Saudi, 10 from Egypt, 7 from Yemen (6 of them from what was then South Yemen), 3 from Kuwait, 1 from Iraq and 1 from the Sudan. Saudi authorities report that 117 militants died as a result of the siege, 87 during the fighting, 27 in hospitals. Authorities also noted that 19 militants received death sentences that were later commuted to life in prison. Saudi security forces suffered 127 deaths and 451 wounded. Were the bin Ladens Involved? This much is known: Osama bin Laden would have been 22 at the time of the attack. He would have likely heard Juhayman al-Oteibi preach. The Bin Laden Group was still heavily involved in the renovation of the Grand Mosque: the company’s engineers and workers had open access to the mosque’s grounds, Bin Laden trucks were inside the compound frequently, and bin Laden workers were familiar with the compound’s every recess: they built some of them. It would be a stretch, however, to assume that because the bin Ladens were involved in construction, they were also involved in the attack. What’s also known is that the company shared all maps and layouts they had of the mosque with authorities to facilitate the Saudi Special Forces’ counter-attack. It would not have been in the bin Laden Group’s interest, enriched as it had become almost exclusively through Saudi government contracts, to aid the regime’s opponents. Just as certainly, what Juhayman al-Oteibi and the â€Å"Mahdi† were preaching, advocating and rebelling against is almost word for word, eye for an eye, what Osama bin Laden would preach and advocate subsequently. The Grand Mosque takeover was not an al-Qaeda operation by any means. But it would become an inspiration, and a stepping stone, to al-Qaeda less than a decade and a half later.

Building the Nazi Regime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Building the Nazi Regime - Essay Example Being awaken to Nazi faults by the rest of the world, they found out that while building a Nazi regime and making a way to national greatness actually, Germans were making their way to moral degradation. According to witnesses on territories occupied by Third Reich used to say privately that â€Å"since the world began no one had ever murdered so many people that way† (Shoah, 1985). Therefore, it’s interesting and important to investigate how Germany was making its Nazi way finally leading own country to such a great deprivation made by Allied forces as a physical separation one German from another. Taking into the account that a moral aspect of a Nazi way stays among most outrageous issue of Third Reich policy comparing even with WW2 battle losses, we are going to investigate morality of Nazi Germany, including how it was fixed in the governmental laws and used on practice. Nowadays, â€Å"In the annals of human barbarism, the cruelties practiced by the Germans over the Jews in Nazi Germany are among the worst remembered†, and the term â€Å"Nazi† has even become nominal when describing a brutal person (Bailey, 1998). Thus, we are mostly interested in a social aspect of a Nazi way comparing to common understanding of humanity. In this paper, it will be argued that Nazi inhumane social policy became one of the crucial reasons for Allied for ces to separate a German nation after WW2. It seems logical first to investigate the reasons which made ideas of national supremacy sound so timely for a pre-Nazi Germany. Answer this question we are going to use secondary sources referring to Bendersky (2007) and Lynch (2012) books, and Bailey’s (1998) article on why common Germans were willing to participate in Reich’s brutalities. We are going to find some historical events and factors that made Germans dream of national supremacy, specifically among First World War outcomes. Investigating what had been done

Consumer Attitude Moulding for Korean car Imports in Australian Market Essay

Consumer Attitude Moulding for Korean car Imports in Australian Market - Essay Example ative characteristics, here the attitude hierarchy would be cognitive then affect, how the consumer feels or first chose emotional then rational, you will not act on it before you go through a cognitive and emotional process (Foxall, 2002). You will make sure that you look at as many features as possible and go through intense emotional processes, instead of depending on your mood while looking at a car. For example if you have a family you will consider a mini-van over a convertible because of the added benefits and features, you will then see if you will enjoy the car, how will your family like it is it giving you the satisfaction you want, and then you will finally decide on the connotation, whether you want to buy it or not. This goes for all products that require high involvement of the consumer. (Windham & Orton, 2000) As a strategic Marketing manager for a new line of South Korean cars in Australia I have to consider many things about the product. As a Strategic Marketing Manager I should have in-depth knowledge of competitive dynamics and how to integrate marketing strategy into the overall business strategy, I should be able to develop Frameworks for analyzing customer preferences and enhancing customer relationships and should be able to Build and manage brand equity with effective market communication. (Chernev, 2007) (Stanford, 2008) Hyundai and its auxiliary Kia are currently the 7th largest car group in the world, just after companies like GM, Ford, Toyota, Renault-Nissan, Volkswagen and DaimlerChrysler. It is also one of the fastest rising companies and a formidable rival to Western car makers. With the benefits such as low labour and parts cost in Korea and the government’s policies that favour the car industry, Hyundai and Kia are able to price their cars much cheaper and at an affordable cost than Western and Japanese cars. At the same time, the company has been able to improve its engineering and quality standard swiftly in recent years,

Emergent Properties Essay Example for Free

Emergent Properties Essay Emergent Properties Emergent properties are properties that come about when smaller components combine together to form a large unit that works together for a common purpose. The idea of emergent properties is based on the fact that the whole combined unit is more efficient than the sum of all of the units. These properties cannot be seen when the organisms are separated from one another, the organisms must be together for the properties to take effect. Emergent properties have come about for the fact that when combined, these organisms can perform much more complex and advanced tasks that the organisms would not be able to complete on their own. In nature we see many emergent properties arise from evolution. When birds branched off from reptiles during their evolution, they developed feathers instead of scales. These feathers do not enable flight on their own, however when combined to form a wing they become much more efficient. When these two wings come together to form a pair of wings the result is an extremely efficient form of transportation that is not only light but also water resistant. Another example of emergent properties would be evident in our brain. Which each brain cell does not possess much computing power, however when billions of them are combined together, the result is a very efficient computing unit that can provide us with such things as thoughts emotions and character. Each brain cell alone would not be able to do these things. Emergent properties exist all around us and we even display some of these properties. One example of emergent properties would be the collaboration of many human beings. Separated, our minds are powerful, but nearly limited. Once combined we can collaborate with each other and perform many tasks efficiently, such as running a county, for example. It is not a coincidence that dictatorships are notoriously unsuccessful. There are also many emergent properties that exist beyond living things. For example when you have a hurricane, essentially all you have is air and water at various different temperatures. The randomness of this collection of air produces a large air mass that has a specific circular motion which is very powerful and devastating to anything that comes into contact with it. The air itself and the water vapor would not be able to cause this force on their own. It is the random order that makes this hurricane so powerful and hard to predict. Another example of emergence away from biology is currency. Currency or money came about as people wanted to trade with one another, but had no medium to do so. Alone, a single person would not need money. It is only useful and evident as many people come together to form a group. Without this group the money would have no value because it’s value is determined by people who are willing to trade with it. In conclusion emergence is evident throughout nature and even past it. It is the way  complex systems  and patterns arise out of a  multiplicity  of relatively simple interactions. Emergence is central to the understanding of communities and ecosystems where it be in living organisms or beyond biology.

Codependency in Samuel Becketts Endgame Essay example -- Beckett Endg

Codependency in Samuel Beckett's Endgame "Clov asks, "What is there to keep us here?" Hamm answers, "The dialogue."" In the play Endgame, Samuel Beckett demonstrates dramatically the idea of codependency between the two focal characters who rely on each other to fulfill their own physical and psychological needs. Beckett accomplishes this through Hamm, who assumes the identity of a kingly figure, and his relationship with Clov, who acts as his subject. In Endgame, this idea is established by tone and humor in the dialogue amid Hamm and Clov. Samuel Beckett was an Irish-born poet, novelist, and foremost dramatist of the theater of the absurd. His surreal writings mixed humor into a world paralyzed and grief stricken with pain and anguish. Beckett's characters grasp for a meaningful existence amongst an unrelenting and disorderly world, finally finding release only within the confines of their own minds. The play Endgame is the story of a few survivors after some unknown apocalypse on Earth. Hamm, a blind man who lives in a small bare room with two windows, shutoff from the rest of the dead outside world, is accompanied by two legless parents, Nagg and Nell, who live in two dustbins. The remaining character is Clov, who acts as an enslaved son of Ham[HAC1]m, who answers to his beckon call and grants his requests. At the end of the play his parents have apparently died, and he has given up the struggle or reason to live on. It is now that Clov is on the verge of escape to leave his life of submission to Hamm, but to where? For there is nothing but a vast void of emptiness. Samuel Beckett was born on April 13, 1906, in Foxrock, near Dublin. As a child he was raised in a religiously oriented, Protestant, mid... ...down the lids of Hamm's parent's dustbins as well, Hamm being prone to exercising his direct power over him: "Bottle him!" he cries out (10). Finally, the relationship between Hamm and Clov can be aggregated in the theme of this codependent nature that each fulfills for one another. This is relevant to today's society in that it examines the basic underlying structural dependence of a monarchical or dictatorship type form of government, of the needs and duties of a King or leader with his subjects. In this way, the King would provide protection and leadership for his subjects, while they would owe homage in the form of taxes and loyalty in allegiance to him. Similarly in the play, Hamm provides the protection from the starvation and desolation of the outside world beyond his store, and Clov repays this buy waiting on Hamm's requests, however reluctantly.

Phonology and English Classes

The teacher formed a group of the pupils to prepare us in advance for studying English in the fifth form. At that time, I was amazed with it. It was something totally new for me and I felt very proud of being able to say some sentences like: â€Å"What's your name? † and to answer this question like â€Å"My name is Angela†. I felt I was not a little girl anymore, since I could â€Å"understand† a foreign language. Besides, I don't know very well why, but English had mom kind of attractive power over me and I never got bored during the English classes.At present I'm in my second year at university. I have English classes now as well. The periods pass quite interestingly. The instructor gives us different tasks. Once we derived various words by adding prefixes or suffixes. The point was to do It as fast as possible. We also revise grammar by doing tests, learn texts, tell dialogues and take part in the conference. Surely, I don't know the language perfectly. My we akest point is audition. It is difficult for me to know by ear what people say as they sometimes speak with fast or with pronounced accent.My another weak point Is my laziness to learn new words but I try to fight it. However I have some merits. For example, I know grammar and endeavourer to speak correctly and observe Intonation. My studies are connected not only with calculating Integrals but with writing programmed and reading different scientific articles in English, that's why I must enlarge my vocabulary further to read books easily. To master the language fluently is what I want In the future.

Analysis of banks’ performance

Generally considered as the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, the Global Financial Crisis (SGF) was followed by the European sovereign debt crisis, which heavily affected most European nations in early 2010. This report will analyses the impact of the crisis on the performance and risk exposure of two major banks: Alpha Bank (ABA) and Deutsche Bank (DB).. Alpha Bank, the second largest Greece bank, locates in one of the five Euro-zone nations which suffered the most following the global crisis.At the same time, Deutsche Bank (DB) is a German bank which operates in both investment and commercial banking sectors. In particular, this report will study the asset and liability structure, the performance as well as the market and off-balance sheet risk. Also, the annual performance of 2008 to 2010 will be analyses in order to fully capture the impact of the financial crisis on these selected banks. 1. 1 Asset, Liability Structure and Risk Exposures 1. 1. Analysis of Lloy d Banking Group (LAG) Table 1: Capital Raising Activities (Liability Structure) Figure 1 Figure 2 The bank operates in both commercial and investment sections which contents in detail, wholesale, insurance and investment as its main business activities. Deposit is the main source of funding, given that the proportional ways remains above 50%during these 6 years. Generally speaking, Deposits are more reliable compare to other capital raising activities.Noticing that even during 2008 to 2010, the Deposits were lightly effect by SGF, which means retail deposits are less volatile and less sensitive to shocks. In addition, the bank was voted by Reader's Digest the most trusted bank of Britain in the 2008. LAG as a function of commercial bank, a large and versified customer base kept the bank safe during the SGF and European debt crisis. Wholesale is the second major part of their business. Figure 2 has shown that, Debt securities take around 20% during 2007 to 2012, which implies that, L AG raises not enough funds from deposits.However, wholesale is sensitive to changes in the market. As the wholesale depositors are able to transfer the fund if others bank provides better offer to them. LAG have to undertake higher withdraw risk. LAG introduced new pricing management of saving products from 2011 in order to minimize withdraw risk. The benefit for this new plan is increasing deposit balances and reducing the proportion of wholesale. Furthermore, because of LB is a diversified bank in British, insurance division is the third mainly activity for the bank to raise fund.However, insurance may exposures liquidity risk, if policyholder who is seeking to cash in their financial claims immediately or some unexceptional accident occurs, the bank has to get huge fund to pay for them. According to Lag's annual report, the liabilities of insurance remains around 13% from 2007 to 2012, which took up higher proportion of total liabilities. However, since the flood happened in late 2007 and therefore the bank had to pay the claims, the bank had a highest percentage of insurance liability compare to other 5 years.Besides, due to SGF and European debt crisis during 2009 to 2012, higher unemployment rates shrink the Auk's economy, the proportion of liability of insurance policy also affected. Finally, basing on the Figure 2 we can find that, derivative financial insurance only has small proportion in this structure, due to LAG is able to raise enough fund from deposit, wholesale and insurance sections. Table 2: Portfolio Asset Allocation (Asset Structure) Figure 3 As a largest commercial bank in K, the main source of investment of LAG is Loans, which take up over half proportion of its total asset.This type of assets was allocated to households, firms and public sectors. According the annual report of the bank, personal mortgages play an important role in loan. However, these assets are exposed to credit risk and default risk. Therefore, LB engages reverse repur chase agreements for collateralized loans in order to reduce risks. The second main source of investment of LAG is Trading and other financial Asset at fair value through profit or loss.Comparing to loans, debt securities are more sensitive and exposed to the credit risk. However, government and corporate securities are taking larger proportion in total Trading and other financial Asset at fair value through profit or loss. As these types of securities are more stable and reliable, this credit risk is mostly mitigated. 1. 1. 2 Analysts of BIN Paris (BIN) Table 3: Capital Raising Activities (Liability Structure) Figure 4 BIN Paris is a universal bank which participates in retail and investment sectors.According to the chart shown above, the main source of Buns capital raised by raiding derivative instruments in financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss from 2007 and took a Jumped up approximately 25% in 2008 due to Global Financial Crisis(SGF). Generally speaking, de rivatives trading are carrying higher risks than other class of liabilities, such as credit risk, market risk, currency risk and interest rate risk. Because they are sensitive to the market changes and lenders are less loyal to the bank, but respectively this source of funds can generate high returns to make the bank become profitable.However, the liability structure of BIN was not constantly unchanged. In the following next two years 2009 and 2010, the main component shifted to deposits due to SGF which brought an unfavorable economy recession all over the world. This strategy of the bank intended to reduce the risk exposures via decreasing trading of risky financial instruments and more relying on deposits to raise capital in order keep the bank in a safer base during the worse recession time.The capital raising structure changed back again from 2011, noticing that unlike 2007 and 2008, the proportions of deposits and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss beca me approximately close amounts. However, derivatives trading are still playing an important role in Buns capital raising activities. Another considerable segment of liability structure is debt securities, which mainly content in government bonds, given that the amounts of issued had been increased from Ð ²?157,mom to Ð ²?211 ,mom from 2008 to 2009.Due to the bank changed the major capital raising activity to deposits in 2009 and 2010, meanwhile it had increased issue in debt securities in order to raise more efficient funds. This behavior can be explained that the bank was worrying about only relied on deposits as not enough and trying to diversified risks via shifting liquidity risk (from deposits) to default and credit risk. Table 4: Portfolio Asset Allocation (Asset Structure) Figure 5 The main source of investment of BIN is financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, which accounted more than 50% of total assets through 2007 to 2008.Again, this type of assets mainly consists in trading of derivative instruments, repurchase agreements afterwards and other securities transactions. In practice, derivatives trading can generate higher returns but will carry more risks because they should eave to meet what the customers' needs and generally they are sensitive to the change of market. Therefore, the risk exposures not only content credit risk, but also put the bank faces interest rate risk and currency risk. L The second considerable segment of investment is loans which mainly comprised of loans to customers.Noticing that the amounts started increasing from 2009, which accounted up to 40% of total assets (compared to 2008 was only 25%), the portions are getting close to the main component, trading of financial assets. Throwing back to SGF and debt crisis, increased in loans and decreased in trading risky assets might be considered as a strategy for BIN to diversify its several risks as we mentioned previously but this time default risk would also be raised. However, derivatives trading are still playing an important role over these six years.In addition, available-for-sale financial assets have been significantly increased in 2009, the following year after SGF. It major contents bonds particularly in government bonds. The main reason could be government bonds are the safest investment way, however, default risk may be considered in this case. . 1. 3 Differences in asset, liability structure and risk exposure Comparing the asset and liability structure between LAG and BIN, the significant difference is the main source of the capital raising activities and asset allocations between these two banks are different.LAG is much more relying on customers' deposits, a safer way to raise funds which allows LAG has a reliable capital base and confident level to go through the SGF in 2008 also the European debt crisis in 2010. In contrast, BIN changed its capital raising structure twice from changing the portions between derivatives raidi ng to raise funds on deposits in response to the impacts of SGF and debt crisis. Additionally, the core functions of these two banks are different.LAG is focusing on customers' deposits and making loans to them. However, BIN is much more concentrating on derivatives trading in both asset and liability parts (even though it shifted the main component of capital raising activity from financial liabilities to deposits between 2009 and 2010 but derivatives transactions still played an important role during those two years. ) Overall, BIN is much more sensitive to the economy and surely it carries more risks than LAG. . 1. Impacts of SGF and Debt Crisis on Asset and Liability Structure Lloyd Banking Group (LAG) For the asset structure, due to the financial hardships that many households and businesses are experiencing, as a result of the recent economic decline in the UK. LAG committed to help customers in these challenging times, which reflective of our relationship-based approach. In R etail segment, we maintained strong level of mortgage lending to new lending, and helped thousands of customers to buy new homes. As shown in the diagram above, we can see that the total asset has increased room IEEE,mom to El ,027,mom in two years' time.An increasing of 57. 55% reflects that with a 61. 25% increase in loans and advances to customers. There are strong levels of customer lending growth in commercial banks, corporate markets and mortgages. For the Liability side, the percentage of total liability has greater changed in 2009, which given that increased up to 56. 64%. After the SGF, the total liabilities still stand at a higher level in the following years as long as the European debt crisis occurred in 2010. Deposit, debt securities in issue and the liabilities of insurance are he three main components be affected.As LAG is the largest bank in I-J, it provides more confident for their customers. Even The bank experienced SGF and European debt crisis, deposit still brin g positive effect for the group. Compare 2008 to sass's deposits can be found that, there is 51. 46% shapely increasing during 2008-2009, due to more customers lose confident for others investment companies, also getting less people put the money for investment during such weaken economic period. That is the reason explains that why does deposit continuously grow during this period as en of the good reputation banks in British.Table 5 Besides, according to the table shown above, the issue of debt securities have greater increased due to the medium term notes issues changed, which implies that even LAG has sufficient fund to overcome the challenge during SGF, but they still restrained funds through issuing medium term notes in order to provide more fund to help their customers, Furthermore, the higher unemployment rate in UK due to SGF and European debt crisis, more people were getting to claim their insurance compensations, therefore the liability of insurance policy had also been a ffected.According to the balance sheet has shown, the liability of insurance policy has 60. 8% increased from 2008 to 2009. Also from 2009 to 2012, the liability of insurance still maintain in higher level. Overall, as LAG is reliable and stable bank in I-J, the main structure of asset and liability did not changed by the Crisis. BIN Paris (BIN) In regards of Buns capital raising structure had been changed twice during 2007 to 2012. The first change was in the year after 2008 SGF, the bank shifted its major capital raising activity from trading on derivatives (financial liabilities at fair value wrought profit or loss) to deposits.Considering the increased in trading financial instruments, which was the core activity to raise both total liabilities and total assets to history high respectively Ð ²?2,016,mom and Ð ²?2,075,mom in 2008. It leaded the bank with higher risk exposures as well as the leverage level had been increased due to derivatives trading is sensitive to the market and risky. Therefore the bank changed the major component of liability structure to deposits in 2009 in order to reduce risking tried to keep the bank in a safer base during the worse recession time.At the meantime, the bank increased issue in debt securities that attempted to raise more efficient funds in case of relying on deposits was not enough. In 2011 after the European debt crisis, the bank changed its core capital raising activity back to trading on financial instruments again. As an investment bank is a function of BIN Paris, the second changed of its capital structure indicated that the bank already passed the hard time and everything went back on the right track. The major component of the asset structure was financial assets at fair value through profit or loss from 2007 to 2012.In 2009 it had been decreased from 60% to 40%,but the bank increased the portions loaned to Global Financial Crisis,and this class of asset kept stable in the next following 3 years. However, tra ding on derivatives is still playing an important role overall. In addition, according to the increase in issue of debt securities especially in bonds had been increased in its liability structure, therefore, the available-for-sale financial assets had a greater Jumped up during the same year and gradually went down later on. Overall, the impacts of SGF on BIN were far worse than the European debt crisis. 2 PERFORMANCE Analysts 1. 2. 1 Return on Equity (ROE) Definition: See footnoted Figure 6 According to the chart, the ROE of LAG deceased seriously from 2007. In 2010 to 2012, it appeared a little recovering signal but still showing a declining pattern over these six years. During 2007 to 2008 both of the net income and total equity were decreased slightly, therefore, ROE decreased. However, even though the net income only had a little increased in 2009, but due to the total equity greatly Jumped up, the ROE decreased further. After 2010, ROE already deceased to history low given at 5. 4%, because of the negative net income as well as the total equity still stayed at higher level. The falling net income was primary to fewer increased in total operating income but greater increased in the impairment cost. The main reason could be the bank need to increase impairment cost to recover credit risk during SGF and European debt crisis. On the other hand, the size of total equity getting larger, this fact implied that, LAG was seeking more capital fund its financial activities in order to go through the poor economic period.Therefore, the ratio shown the bank experienced unfavorable profitability during those two recession periods Regarding to BIN Paris, the Return on Equity ratio dramatically decreased from 19. 6% to 6. 6% in 2008. It gradually recovered back in the next following years after SGF but it slightly dropped gain after the 2010 European debt crisis. Due to the banks main source of finance is making money via trading derivatives, this pattern of changing e xactly responds to the market conditions due to financial and debt crisis, also explains that the bank is very sensitive to the market.However, compare to the regenerates drop off in SGF, the impact of debt crisis was not significant through looking at the chart. Compare these two patterns of ROE; LAG is showing a declining figure which indicates that the bank had a deeper impact by the financial and the debt crisis. On the other hand, the effect on BIN was significant only shown at the SGF period, therefore, BIN seems to has a better performance overall. 1. 2. RETURN ON ASSET (ROAR) Definition: see footnoted Figure 7 In term of Lab's performance can be shown that, the greater decline in ROAR consists in declining of net income and total assets. The central bank cut the interest rate again and again in this recession period that encouraged more people to borrow money from bank to fund their mortgages or businesses. According to the balance sheet, the total assets sharply increased f rom IEEE,mom to El ,027,mom in 2008 to 2009, and then kept staying at a higher level in the following years.However, as we have analyses in the ROE part, net income decreased dramatically to negative percentages, due to total operating income did not change as lower interest rate, but the impairment cost has greater increasing in order to recover the credit risk. As a result, the net income becomes negative. Similarly, ROAR was deceasing dramatically during 2009-2011. According to the ROAR ratios of BIN, it has shown a similar pattern of trend as ROE. The ROAR sharply dropped 0. 32% in 2008 and recovered back in the next two years but slightly went down after the debt crisis.Considering that the net income of BIN in 2008 was incredibly dropped down over 60% from Ð ²?8,311 millions to Ð ²?3,millions. No matter how the total assets had a greater increased in the same year, the fluctuation of net income was the most important reason determinate the hanged in ROAR. Again, due to the b ank is sensitive to the change of market parameters, we can clearly see that the worse market condition due to SGF brought a negative impact to the bank and it was far more worse than the time during the European debt crisis.In conclusion, both of two banks were decreasing in ROAR during the weak economic period in 2008. The main reason was both of them had greater increased in total asset but the net income stayed at a relatively lower level. In the following years, BIN started to recover back and maintained in a stable level, UT LAG was continuously decreasing to negative due to total asset was maintain in higher level in debt crisis period. 1. 2. PROFIT MARGIN (PM) Definition: see footnoted Figure 8 According to the graph above, LAG had strong profitability in 2007 but it declined to 22. 43% due to SGF then slightly recovered in 2009. However, as the European debt crisis developed in late 2009, the PM continuing dropped out to the lowest, shown at -59. 62% in 2011. The reason is during this weaken economic period, interest and similar income decreasing as lower interest rate, and impairment increasing. This unfavorable decreasing during debt crisis period implies that LAG undertake loss.While the PM drives the ROAR to decline in this period. The European debt crisis shrink the bank much more than during the SGF. Comparing to LAG, BIN Paris keeps its ability steady to pay expenses and generates stable net income from 2007 – 2012. According to the main capital raising activity of BIN is trading on derivatives and other financial instruments, even though the amounts of financial liabilities and assets at fair value through profit or loss were Jumped up during the year of SGF 2008.However, the net income and total operating income were historically low through 2007 to 2012, the main reason was due to both the net gains on trading financial instruments and on available-for-sale financial assets had been dramatically decreased, respectively from Ð ²?7,mom to Ð ²?2,mom and Ð ²?2,mom to Ð ²?mom, which means, even though the trading went up, but net gains were limited by the worst market condition during Global Financial Crisis. Overall, BIN is good at controlling on its expenses and net income generation compare to the performance of LAG. . 2. 4 ASSET UTILIZATION (AU) Definition: see footnoted Figure 9 The AU ratio of LAG fluctuated seriously from 2007 to 2012. Due to given the negative impact of SGF, the AU dropped continuously to 0. 71% in 2009. As we mentioned previously, the central bank cut the interest rate to encourage people to take loan from the bank. Therefore, the total asset stayed at a higher level from 2009 to 2012. However, according to low interest rate and also some of customers were default to pay back, the total operating income did not change much.From 2009 to 2010, AU starts to recover to higher level. Unfortunately, the AU decreased sharply again from . 17% to 0. 47% due to the European debt crisis. The AU sti ll maintained at lower level during 2010 to 2012, because the pound was depreciated in this weak economic period, LAG faced loss in their oversea investment property and securities, consequently, the total operating income decreased to about E,mom during the debt crisis. LAG provided a declining pattern over 2007 to 2012, but again, the impact of debt crisis to the bank was greater than the impact of SGF.In term of Buns AU, it had been dropped down to 0. 46% in regards to the history low total operating income, given only Ð ²?3,mom in 2008. It recovered quickly afterwards and went back to 0. 63% in 2010. The AU ratio fluctuated by the European debt crisis again in later 2011 and 2012, however, as we mentioned above in the PM part, the Global Financial Crisis affected the bank much more than the effect on debt crisis. Comparing LAG and Buns All's, both of them had greater effects by SGF but the impact of debt crisis was not significant on BIN. . 2. 5 EQUITY MULTIPLIER (ME) Definitio n: see footnoted Figure 10 In term of Lag's ME, The figure increased nearly half of ME from 28. 4 to 44. 96 in 2008. The higher ME indicated that LAG used more debt to finance its assets which in turn increased the leverage level and risk exposure during SGF 2008. In order to reduce its leverage level, ME quickly dropped down to 23. 29 in 2009 even lower than in 2007 and gradually went down in the following years, noticed that the ME only shown at 20. 69 in 2012.As LAG is one of the reliable and stable banks in British, even though they experienced SGF and European debt crisis, they are able to recover quickly. Regarding to the ME of BIN, it had been increased to 35. In 2008 but had a greater decreased of 10 in the following year and still gradually went down in continuous years. Considering BIN changed its liability structure twice respectively in 2009 and 2011, in which shifted the major capital raising activity between derivatives trading and deposits.BIN attempted the first chan ge in order to minimize the risks and reduce the leverage level due to the high ME in the previous year. In 2011, after the European debt crisis, the bank again changed its major capital raising activity back to trading on financial instruments instead of relying on posits. This change had been reduced its ME ratio continuously which given that only around 20 in 2012 (the lowest from 2007 to 2012) It explains that BIN is good at controlling its leverage level and managing risks very well via adjusting the Banks structure. In conclusion, LAG and BIN have similar performance from 2007 to 2012.The ME of these two banks both had a greater Jump up in 2008 and respectively increased their risk exposures and the leverage ratios. However, the EMUS dropped quickly in later years due to both banks managed the risk via reduce their debt to enhance its assets or maintaining capital structure in order to reduce risks and leverage level. 1. 2. 6 Market Indicators Share Prices LAG Regarding LAG, t he share price stays at EYE per share in 2007 to late 2008. However, due to the SGF happen at the end of 2008, the share price decreasing dramatically to around E per shares.Furthermore, the European debt crisis also happen flow the SGF, the share price decreasing further around E per share. Base on the data shows that, over these six years, the share price of LAG is decreasing around 89. 1 BIN The highest share price of BIN Paris was up to Ð ²?94. 7 per share during mid-2007, it collapsed in later 2008 and down to history low Ð ²?21. 39 per share in early 2009. However, the share price went back on track quickly in the same year, given that volatile at the range around Ð ²?50 per share until mid-2011.According to the share price pattern of BIN, the impact of SGF on the share price was dramatically huge, but the bank effectively reacted on the massive change of market, it adjusted its capital structure in 2009, such as reduced the risk exposure via decreasing the risky derivative s trading and relying more on deposits, meanwhile increased the issue of bet securities particularly in bonds, which indicated to generate more efficient cash flows in case of the deposits was not enough to rely on. Project 2 2. 2 Market Risk 2. . 1 Introduction of market risk Market risk is defined as a risk for those investors to experience economic losses of value from the affected market performances, whether it's treatable or not. It is the risk that cannot be diversified. Some of risk factors could be observed, such as interest rates, exchange rates; there are also some factors may not be observed such as correlations which are based on statistical analysis. It includes interest rate risks, currency risks, and equity risks, see footnotes.

Colonial Trade essays

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The World Trade Organization Demonstrations Essay -- Economics Economy

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