Purpose And Hypothesis Of The Study - 1292 Words

Purpose and Hypothesis of the study The purpose of this article by Samuelsson, (2010) is to examine the effects of two differently structured methods, traditional and problem-solving, of teaching children mathematical the first five years in school. Trying to determine the difference between boys and girl depending on the type of teaching method they received. Predicting those students in the non-textbook problem-solving group would show strength in all areas of mathematical proficiency except the procedural area. That is, they would perform significantly higher than the traditional group. The research questions were: Which teaching approach, traditional or problem solving is most effective for developing students’ mathematical proficiency? Do girls have the advantage over boys in a traditional teaching context? Do boys have the advantage over girls in problem-solving context? Girls were expected to have the advantages over boys in the traditional group, and that boys would have the advantages over girls in t he problem-solving group. Students’ progress in conceptual understanding, strategic competence and adaptive reasoning a significant increase when teachers teach with a problem-based curriculum. Sample Participants included a total of 105 students in four different classes in this study. Attending two different schools 46 placed in school A while 59 were placed in school B in the same neighborhood. Schools recruited students from a part of Sweden with lowShow MoreRelatedPurpose And Hypothesis Of The Study934 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose and Hypothesis of the Study The purpose for the study by Suitor, Gilligan, Johnson, and Pillemer (2014) was to see if there would sibling tension between, brothers, sisters, and or both, when their mother was in need of care due to age or sickness. 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Free Falling- by Scott Weckerly - 1014 Words

The impact of saying good-bye and actually leaving did not hit me until the day of my departure. Its strength woke me an hour before my alarm clock would, as for the last time Missy, my golden retriever, greeted me with a big, sloppy lick. I hated it when she did that, but that day I welcomed her with open arms. I petted her with long, slow strokes, and her sad eyes gazed into mine. Her coat felt more silky than usual. Of course, I did not notice any of these qualities until that day, which made me all the more sad about leaving her. The entire day was like that: a powerful awakening of whom and what I would truly miss. I became sentimental about saying good-bye to many people I had taken for granted—the regulars who came into the†¦show more content†¦Don t worry about me too much, Mom. I ll miss you. She drew me close and gave me a hug, and I assured her I d be back sooner than she d realize. She then told me that she loved me. I . . . love you, too. The difficulty of saying those words overwhelmed me. I had always seen myself as someone with solid, untouchable emotions. At that moment, though, I was in a fragile, quivering state; and I could not believe I had conjured such a false image of myself. We drew apart, and I slowly climbed into my gray Maxima. She did not cry, but who knows what happened when I turned the corner. I don t think I want to know. At that time, I felt like a rookie sky diver preparing for his first plunge. The cabin door opens to reveal the extreme distance of his fall, which leads to either sheer excitement or eventual death. The naivete that sheltered his fear disappears at the sudden reality of the moment. By then, of course, it is much too late to turn back. The very thought that this was his idea seems absurd to him, and he feels like the only person on the face of the planet. And so he closes his eyes, takes a deep breath, and

Negligent Actions Case Study of Keith †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Negligent Actions Case Study of Keith. Answer: Law and its application As the world developed and so is the technology and laws. One of suchlaw is thelaw of tort which has been designed to protect an injured and compensate him for the misdeeds of the wrongdoer. Law of negligence is one of the most important wings of thelaw of tort. This law states that a person who is indulging in any act must take due care so that his act might not injure or does cause any kind of damage to any other person. If a person who is acting has an apprehension that his act might cause loss to any other person and he still prefers to pursue with such act, then, in such situation the person who suffers loss because of the acts done by one wrongdoer has every right to get damages under law. A person who carries out the acts carelessly and causes injury to the injured is known as wrongdoer and the person who suffers the loss is called the injured party. (Francis, Peter, Mark, 2007) As per law of negligence, a wrongdoer is liable once it is proved that there is duty of care casted upon him and he without complying with its requirements indulge into acts which results in the breach of duty of care and because of such breach, an injury is caused to the injured person. If the injury is caused to the person due to the acts of the wrongdoer then the injured person can very well recover damages from the wrongdoer for the loss that is caused or for the injury that is suffered by him. (Beever, 2007) Law of negligence had thus been designed to protect the injured person against the loss and injury caused due to careless acts of the wrongdoer. The three ingredients that are necessary to establish negligence are: Duty Of Care Duty of care is the prime and the foremost ingredient to hold the wrongdoer liable under the law of negligence. The duty of care means, the duty fixed upon the wrongdoer so as not to act in such a way so that any kind of injury is caused to the injured person and is held in (Natcraft Pty Ltd Anor v Det Norske Veritas Anor , 2002). No act or omission of the wrongdoer should be such so as it can injure the third person. A wrongdoer must watch his actions and must carry his acts with abundant caution and in case he believes that his acts can cause loss or injury to any third party then he should take proper protection while performing such acts or should avoid those acts. As per law of negligence the wrongdoer is bounded by a legal duty to act in a proper manner and in case he does not obeys the duty as per the law of negligence then he is liable under law of negligence. (Jrgen Wolfgang, 2006) A wrongdoer is said to have duty of care with him when few principals are satisfied. When the principle of Neighborhood and the principle of reasonable forseeability are not satisfied, then, in that case the duty of care cannot be said to be in existence upon the wrongdoer and he cannot be held liable as per the law of negligence. Neighborhood principal A neighbor in law of negligence does not imply a neighbor as per its dictionary meaning, but, it is much wider under the law of negligence. A neighbor is a person who can be affected by the acts of the wrongdoer. He is a person who is in close proximity to the wrongdoer and the acts of the wrongdoer will affect him. The law of negligence was developed by the landmark case law of (Donoghue v Stevenson , 1932) which lead to evolution of the neighborhood principal. The lord Atkin in the landmark case has stated that a person who is in closeness to the wrongdoer and is likely to get injured by the act of the wrongdoer is neighbor of the wrongdoer be it stranger or anybody. A reasonably foreseeable person can easily assess that the acts of a wrongdoer are dangerous for certain person, then, that person is termed as a neighbor as per law of negligence. A neighbor is affected by the acts of the wrongdoer so it is the duty of the wrongdoer to carry out his acts properly without any injury to the neighbor and in case the person who is falling under the definition of neighbor as per law of negligence is injured by the acts of the wrongdoer, then such neighbor can claim compensation as per law of negligence and is held in (Albrighton v Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 1980). (Cameron, Ian, Malcolm, 2007) Reasonable Forseeability The wrongdoer is only liable in case of injury to the neighbor if the act which was the cause of injury to the neighbor was reasonably foreseeable by a prudent person. If the act which is the cause of injury to the third person is not reasonably foreseeable then the wrongdoer cannot be held liable under the law of negligence and is rightly held in (Rogers v Whitaker, 1992). If the impact of the acts or omission by the wrongdoer is unpredictable by a common prudent person then wrongdoer is protected against the damage that is caused and is said to be too remote. (Cameron, Ian, Malcolm, 2007) Breach of Duty Of Care When the duty of care is said to be with wrongdoer, then, the first step to prove the negligence on his part is comply with but in order to be held the wrongdoer negligent it is also necessary that he should had breached the duty of care which is casted upon him. The care which the wrongdoer should take is different in different situations. The care taken by the wrongdoer must be adequate i.e. he must take appropriate care that should have been taken by an ordinary prudent person. The care varies with situation as a level of care at one instance may be adequate but the same level of care in other situation may not be adequate. The level of care should be high in situations where the magnitude of damage due to the act of the wrongdoer, that may sustain is high and is rightly held in (Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee, 1957). (Kim, Bonnie, Sheryl, 2014) Damage when the first two steps i.e. duty of care with the wrongdoer and its breached are satisfied, still the wrongdoer is not liable if the damage is not sustained by the third party as the resultant damage due to the breach of duty of care by a wrongdoer is necessary for holding a person negligent under law of negligence and is held in (Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd or "Wagon Mound (No. 1), 1961). Causation There must be causation between the act and the injury caused to the injured. There must be causation and the same must be satisfied in order to hold the wrongdoer negligent i.e. the damage must be due to the breach of duty of care by the wrongdoer. There must be a direct link between the damage caused to the injured and the negligent act of the wrongdoer. In case the cause of injury of the injured is not the act of the wrongdoer then the wrongdoer cannot be held liable as the act of the wrongdoer and the injury caused to the injured must correspond with each other and is held in (Mount Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey , 1971). (Andy Douglas, 2013) Remoteness The damage caused due to the acts of the wrongdoer must not be too remote as it must be reasonably foreseeable. In case the damage caused is too remote then the wrongdoer cannot be held liable under the law of negligence. In case the damage or the injury caused is predictable and foreseeable by an ordinary prudent person in like situation then only the wrongdoer is liable otherwise not. (Andy Douglas, 2013) In case any of the ingredient i.e. the duty of care, its breach and resultant damage is absent then the wrongdoer cannot be held liable under the law of negligence. All the three principal ingredients of the law of negligence must be satisfied in order to hold wrongdoer negligence. Defense A Safeguard From Being Negligent Contributory negligence There are defenses that can be taken by the wrongdoer in order to safeguard himself from being held negligent and one of those is Contributory Negligence In case if the injury that is caused to the injured, there is his own fault, then, in such case the damage to be paid by the wrongdoer to the injured decreases proportionately as he himself contributed to his injury by being contributory negligent. In such cases the damage amount is apportioned proportionately among the wrongdoer and the injured accordingly. But in order to get the benefit of concept of contributory negligence the wrongdoer must prove the negligence on the part of the injured and if he is able to prove the same on part of injured then also the contribution made to the injury of the injured by himself is assessed and the damages to be paid by the wrongdoer are decided accordingly and is held in (Joslyn v Berryman, 2003). (Douglas, 2016) Now, the law is applied. Keith is a carpenter who was appointed with the duty to fix the collapsed staircase of Ruth. Keith has a duty to construct the stairs in such manner so that no injury is caused to Ruth because of non performance of his careful actions. The duty of care obligation is imposed upon Keith because the acts of Keith will directly affect the interest of Ruth, because if the stairs are not fixed properly the Ruth may face injuries and thus Ruth and Keith becomes neighbors of each other. Also, the impact that may be faced by Ruth if the stairs are not fixed by Keith adequately is also reasonably predictable by Keith. Thus, there is presence of reasonable foreseeability also. So, Keith has duty of acre upon him. But, thus duty of care is not performed by Keith as per the required standards because he used a left over piece of wood instead of a proper hardwood and because of such use the stairs collapsed. So, the duty if not performed by Keith appropriately resulting in breach of duty of care. Because of the breach, Ruth suffered injuries, that is, she dislocated her knee. She suffered injuries when the stairs collapse and because of which she fell from the same. Thus, the duty is violated by Keith who has caused damage to Ruth, so, Keith is negligent in his actions. But, Keith can prove that when the injury is sustained by Ruth at that time she was not able to view the stairs properly as she was carrying dishes which place hindrance in her visions. It is her own negligence which has also contributed to her loss. So, Keith can prove contributory negligence on the part of Ruth and thus can reduce his part of damages which is equivalent to Ruths own contribution. But, Keith is not accountable for the loss that is caused to Ruth when she resigned to choose her alternative employment as such loss is not because of Keith negligence. Keith will only pay for her two months loss of income and medical expenses. Conclusion Keith is held to be negligent in his actions as he did not cater his duty of care which resulted in loss to Ruth. But, Keith can take the defense of contributory negligence on the part of Ruth and thus reduce his liability. Bibliography Albrighton v Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (1980). Andy, G., Douglas, F. (2013). Business Law 2014. Pearson Higher Education AU. Beever, A. (2007). Rediscovering the Law of Negligence. Bloomsbury Publishing. Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957). Cameron, S., Ian, K., Malcolm, P. (2007). The Australian Medico-legal Handbook. Elsevier Australia. Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Douglas, H. (2016). The Law of Intervening Causation. Routledge. Francis, T., Peter, C., Mark, L. (2007). The Law of Torts in Australia. Oxford University Press. Joslyn v Berryman (2003). Jrgen, B., Wolfgang, W. (2006). Third-Party Liability of Classification Societies: A Comparative Perspective. Springer Science Business Media. Kim, A., Bonnie, B., Sheryl, L. (2014). Ethics and Law for Australian Nurses. Cambridge University Press. Mount Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey (1971). Natcraft Pty Ltd Anor v Det Norske Veritas Anor (2002). Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd or "Wagon Mound (No. 1) (1961). Rogers v Whitaker (1992).

The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion Essay Example

The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion Paper The purpose of the present study was to determine the affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion. In addition the study examined the affect of presence or absence of converging lines background on judgments of lines length. The study sought to test Ponzos (1882-1960) hypothesis, referring to it as a misjudgment in a length of two lines. This experiment was tested among three students under two conditions, participants under stress and under no stress, each condition had three attempts and each attempt had ten trials. In stress condition, participants accomplished the following experiment after they came back from college. Participants adjusted the length of a line to match the length of another line in same page. Five trials were with the presence of converging lines background and the other five were with absence of converging lines. In the no stress condition, participants accomplished the experiment between 0700 0800 Oclock in the morning after breakfast. The study aim was to explore the correlation between stress conditions and the Ponzo illusion. The error range of length judgment in stress condition found to be higher than the no stress condition. Also the error was higher when converging lines were present. It was concluded that stress and present of converging lines have inverse affect of judgment of lines length. Introduction The Ponzo Illusion is a visual illusion that produces misjudgment in the length of two lines; most people dont get the length right when asked to set two lines to the same length because of Ponzo illusion. The illusion is named after Mario Ponzo (1882-1960) who first demonstrated it in 1913 (Vurdlak, 2008). The reason of such illusion happens when looking at lines in different length with converging lines background and how the brain analyze them; for example, if there were two boxes and they were the same size, one of them was 5 cm in front of you, the other is 5 meters in front of you, you will see that the nearby box is bigger than the far one. The same thing happens with lines in a paper where the brain thinks that one line is fare but the other is near you, so the line that is far should look smaller, but if they are the same size your brain will think the far line is bigger (Brislin, 1974). This illusion can also be observed in the moon, when the moon is on top of you it seems smaller than when it is close to the horizon, the truth is that the moon didnt change in size but the brain thinks that it should look smaller when it is far so if it does not it must have grown in size. We will write a custom essay sample on The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There has been a lot of research in this field. Researchers suggested that there are two forms of Ponzo Illusions; circular ponzo Illusions and the Line Ponzo illusions (Robinson, 1972). Most studies to date have explored the line Ponzo illusion, although, studying the relationship between the line and circular forms of the illusion may offer additional signs to identify the possible determinants of the illusion (Yamagami, 2007). Different theories have been suggested to explain the Ponzo Illusion. Many studies have produced data supporting either theory. For example integration field theory (IFT), suggested by Pressey and Smith Martin (1990), is based on assumption that some parts of the stimulus are more likely to be processed than others. In accordance with this, the most relevant features to be processed are the ones confined within the four end points of the two segments to be compared (Roncato et al., 1997). Although most of the previous researches in this field are very well constructed, they are lacking the brain stability and hormones in the form of stress. This research is very important because it will explore the affect of life stress on the Ponzo Illusion. Stress in this research refers to lack of concentration and focus because of exhaustion and brain loads of life activities. The dependant variable is the difference in length between the adjustable line and the standard line. The independent variable is the status of the participants vision. There are number of confounding variables that have be considered in this research like, age difference between participants, eating habits, personal life, and area where participants are living in. All these variables will affect the stress and concentration in some forms. The aim of this study is to find if there is correlation between mental stress and Ponzo Illusion. The hypothesis of this study is that the mental stress will have a negative impact on concentration and therefore judgments of sizes will be affected. Also the presence of converging lines background complicates the issue and makes it even harder to judge the lines length. It was expected that when brain is stressed that the adjusted lines will be longer. It was also expected that when brain is stressed and converging lines are present, the adjusted lines will be even longer. Method Participants Three first year introductory psychology male students at PMU participated in the experiment as a course requirement. All participants had normal or corrected to normal vision. Materials Internet web site (http://psychexps.olemiss.edu/index.html) contains illusion experiment as follow. There are two parts of the experiment. First, two lines with different sizes are laid on converging track like (figure 1). Second, two lines are laid without the converging lines (figure 2). The participants are able to adjust the length of the lower lines by using the blue control arrow below the two lines that allows participants to adjust the size of the lower line to match the size of the upper line. There were 10 trials in this experiment, five trials with present of the converging lines and the other five without. Procedures All participants followed standardized instructions for each of the following conditions. Before the participants start the experiment they had to do one practice test, in that test each one of the participants had to move a blue arrow to adjust the length of a black line, if the arrow was moved to the right the line gets longer, if moved to the left the line gets shorter. Then they were asked to do the experiment three times in two different conditions. All participants had practice go before the real experiment start. The first condition is that the experiment must be done without stress (early morning). All participants must log on into the web before going to college and follow the experiment steps. All ten trials have to be completed without taking any break in between. After the first attempt wait for ten minutes and relax. Accomplish a second attempt using the same procedures in the first attempt. Participants must wait for ten minutes and relax before the third attempt by using the same procedures. The second condition must be done under stress (after a stressed day in college). In this condition participants must accomplish the experiment under a form of stress. Three attempts must be accomplished by each participant right after coming back from long stressed day in college. Accomplish the first attempt continuously without any breaks between trials. After the first attempt take a ten minutes break and then accomplish the second attempt. Take a ten minutes break and then accomplish the last attempt. The results of this experiment support the hypothesiss that with the brain stressed, the error magnitude is much higher as shown in (Table 1). Participant error in the first trial was very high p1=60 and as participant relaxed the error dropped to a lower level P1=29.20. In reference to (Table 2) the first trial for the first participant error was very low from the start P1=14 and the error continued to drop. Generally all participants showed very high error at start; however, the error rate deceased as the brain was relaxing. The result of the first and third participants showed a considerable amount of drop followed by a slight increase. This minor offset could be a momentarily loss of concentration or distraction. The results of the experiment when participants are not under stress are a lot better. It showed much lower error values for all participants. In reference to (Table 2), the error values continued to decrease for first and third participants. The second participant was slightly different because of possible noise in the house. There was a big increase in the error value in the second trial, however, a vast drop in the third trial. This is caused by the different in age between participants. Participant number one is approximately twenty years older than the other participants. The overall result summary showed higher error margin when lines are placed on converging lines. It also showed that the mean is also very high when the converging lines are present (mean = 23.086) and the standard deviation was (StDev = 16.308). When converging lines were absent, the data were much lower (mean = 7.267) and the standard deviation was (StDev = 5.955) as shown in (figure 3) Figure 3 Discussion The results support the hypothesis that stress affects judgment of line lengths and caused the adjusted lines to be longer. Also the present of converging lines affects judgment of lines length and caused the lines to be longer. This finding is consistent with Piagets theory (1969; cited in Wagner, 1977) that proposes the law of relative centrations. Centration is the trend to focus on one side of a situation and overlook others. The second hypothesis that length of horizontal lines judgment was affected when the converging lines background was present. This finding was consistent with Yamagamis theory (1976, 1978; cited in Yamagami, 2007) that the former distortion is attributed to the framing distortion specified as a contour interaction between a horizontal line and two vertical lines as shown in (table 3). The absence of converging lines caused the error to be lesser as shown in (table 4) One problem with the present experiment was the sample size was very small. In future studies, a larger sample size from different age group and different sex could be used to ensure that age is directly related to the misjudgment of lines length and also to explore the Ponzo illusion affect on female. In interpreting the present results it could be argued stress affects lines length judgment especially when converging background is present. Age is also a factor to the increasing of judgment error, with age increase the rate increases, however, the rate of change is not yet defined. Participant one has higher error rate, this is possibly because of age of the participant. Participants two and three are same age, however, participant two lives in a noisier area and this possibly one of the reasons of concentration loss and caused a higher error rate than participant three. The present study examined the effect of stress on Ponzo illusion on male students. Future study needs to examine other forms of stress and its effects on Ponzo illusion on female students.future research also needs to use larger sample and larger age scale in order to find the error rate compare to age. It would be of value in applied situations to control the confounding variables like food, exercise, and living environment to obtain accurate results.